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Modern Russian military ranks trace their roots to Table of Ranks established by Peter the Great. Most of the rank names were borrowed from existing German/Prussian, French, English, Dutch, and Polish ranks upon the formation of Russian regular army in late 17th century. == Muscovy == The Kievan Rus had no standing army apart from small''druzhina'' (дружи́на), a permanent group of personal guards for the local ruler (knyaz, ''prince''); an individual member of such a unit called a ''druzhinnik'' (дружи́нник). In case of emergency, knyaz raised a militia comprising volunteers from the peasantry, and the druzhina served as the core of the troops. Each local knyaz served as the military leader of his troops. Such arrangements had no need for permanent ranks or positions; they were created ''ad hoc'', based on the task(s) in hand. Upon the formation of ''Strelets troops'' in the mid-16th century, the low-level commanding officers were appointed to one of the following ranks: * strelets (стреле́ц), a basic soldier * desyatnik (деся́тник, 'of ten men'), acting as sergeant/corporal * sotnik (со́тник, 'of hundred men'), acting as captain These were not ''personal'' ranks and were retained only as long as the officer held the position. For battles, knyaz organized his troops into temporary high-level units, usually a polk (полк, Old Slavonic for ''group of troops''), a regiment commanded by a golova (голова́, ''head'') or voyevoda (воево́да, ''war leader''); these commanding positions were not permanent and did not persist after the battle. The cossack cavalry units had their own ranks of Kazak (коза́к), yesaul (есау́л) and ataman (атама́н); they were not comparable to the strelets ranks. Upon the formation of standing regiments (''prikaz'', later polk) by Ivan IV, new ranks insinuated themselves into the hierarchy between the existing grades: pyatidesyatnik (пятидеся́тник, ''of fifty men'') acting as lieutenant, golova acting as colonel of the regiment (also, ''tysyatskiy'' (ты́сяцкий, 'of thousand men'). Later, a polugolova (полуголова́. ''half-golova'') rank appeared; eventually ''golova'' was renamed polkovnik (полко́вник, ''of the polk''), and ''polugolova'' was renamed podpolkovnik (sub-polkovnik). As usual, voyevoda was simply a ''commander'' of a large military group and not a rank of any kind. Later, under Romanov dynasty the companies of foreign mercenaries were formed; these incorporated foreign ranks of Lieutenant and Rittmeister. They were later changed into New Regiments of the Streltsy Troops and more Western ranks were adopted, including ''General''. Finally, by 1680 the ranks of the New Regiments were unified with Strelets Troops. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of Russian military ranks」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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